啊啊啊啊 為什麼標題的長度被設置的那麼短啊…… 才70位元組
英文版論壇的後遺症,我會修好她的
Etymology and derived words
Aži (nominative ažiš) is the Avestan word for "serpent" or "dragon." It is cognate to the Vedic Sanskrit word ahi, "snake," and without a sinister implication. Azi and Ahi are distantly related to Greek ophis, Latin anguis, both meaning. "snake.". Sanskrit "Daarvika" means "Spatula". Dragon's or Snake'S head looks like Spatula. Thus other synonym of Snake is "Daarvika". Draco word also roots to Daarvika of Sanskrit.
The meaning of dahāka comes from the Persian word "zodak," meaning "half-serpent king". Among the meanings suggested are "stinging" (source uncertain), "burning" (cf. Sanskrit dahana), "man" or "manlike" (cf. Khotanese daha), "huge" or "foreign" (cf. the Scythian Dahae and the Vedic dasas). In Persian mythology, Dahāka is treated as a proper name, and is the source of the Ḍaḥḥāk (Zahhāk) of the Shāhnāme.
Aži Dahāka is the source of the modern Persian word azhdahā or ezhdehā اژدها (Middle Persian azdahāg) meaning "dragon", often used of a dragon depicted upon a banner of war.
The Azhdarchid group of pterosaurs are named from an Persian word for "dragon" that ultimately comes from Aži Dahāka.
Aži Dahāka (Dahāg) in Zoroastrian literature
Aži Dahāka is the most significant and long-lasting of the ažis of the Avesta, the earliest religious texts of Zoroastrianism. He is described as a monster with three mouths, six eyes, and three heads (presumably meaning three heads with one mouth and two eyes each), cunning, strong and demonic. But in other respects Aži Dahāka has human qualities, and is never a mere animal.
Aži Dahāka appears in several of the Avestan myths and is mentioned parenthetically in many more places in Zoroastrian literature.
In a post-Avestan Zoroastrian text, the Dēnkard, Aži Dahāka is identified as an Arab[citation needed], as the source of the writings of Judaism (in this context identified as a religion opposed to Zoroastrianism), and possessed of all possible sins and evil counsels, the opposite of the good king Jam. The name Dahāg (Dahāka) is punningly interpreted as meaning "having ten (dah) sins." His mother is Wadag (or Ōdag), herself described as a great sinner, who committed incest with her son.
In the Avesta, Aži Dahāka is said to have lived in the inaccessible fortress of Kuuirinta in the land of Baβri, where he worshipped the yazatas Arədvī Sūrā (Anāhitā), divinity of the rivers, and Vayu, divinity of the storm-wind. Based on the similarity between Baβri and Old Persian Bābiru (Babylon), later Zoroastrians localized Aži Dahāka in Mesopotamia, though the identification is open to doubt. Aži Dahāka asked these two yazatas for power to depopulate the world. Being representatives of the Good, they of course refused.
In one Avestan text, Aži Dahāka has a brother named Spitiyura. Together they attack the hero Yima (Jamshid) and cut him in half with a saw, but are then beaten back by the yazata Ātar, the divine spirit of Fire.
According to the post-Avestan texts, following the death of Jam ī Xšēd (Jamshid), Dahāg gained kingly rule. Another late Zoroastrian text, the Mēnog ī xrad, says that this was ultimately good, because if Dahāg had not become king, the rule would have been taken by the immortal demon Xešm (Aēšma), and so evil would have ruled upon earth until the end of the world.
Dahāg is said to have ruled for a thousand years, starting from 100 years after Jam lost his xvarənah, his royal glory (see Jamshid). He is described as a sorcerer who ruled with the aid of demons, the daevas (divs).
The Avesta identifies the person who finally disposed of Aži Dahāka as Θraētaona son of Aθβiya, in Middle Persian called Frēdōn. The Avesta has little to say about the nature of Θraētaona's defeat of Aži Dahāka, other than that it enabled him to liberate Arənavāci and Savaŋhavāci, the two most beautiful women in the world. Later sources, especially the Dēnkard, provide more detail. Frēdōn is said to have been endowed with the divine radiance of kings (xvarənah, New Persian farr) from birth, and was able to defeat Dahāg at the age of nine, striking him on shoulder, heart and skull with a mace and giving him three wounds with a sword. However, when he did so, vermin (snakes, insects and the like) emerged from the wounds, and the god Ormazd told him not to kill Dahāg, lest the world become infested with these creatures. Instead, Frēdōn chained Dahāg up and imprisoned him on the mythical Mt. Damāvand (later identified with Damāvand, one of the high mountains of the Alborz chain).
The Middle Persian sources also prophesy that at the end of the world, Dahāg will at last burst his bonds and ravage the world, consuming one to three humans and livestock per turn. Kirsāsp, the ancient hero who had killed the Az ī Srūwar, returns to life to kill Dahāg.
Zahhāk in the Shāhnāma
In Ferdowsi's epic poem, the Shāhnāma, written c. 1000 AD, the legend of Dahāg is retold with the main character given the name of Zahhāk or Zohhāk. The name is written with the Arabic characters ض and ح, which rarely appear in Persian words of non-Arabic origin, and may have been chosen to emphasize the allegedly Arabic ethnicity of the character.
Zahhāk in Arabia
According to Ferdowsi, Zahhāk (Arabic transliteration: Ḍaḥḥāk or Ḍuḥḥāk) was born as the son of an Arab ruler named Merdās. Because of his Arab origins, he is sometimes called Zahhāk-e Tāzi, "the Arabian Zahhāk." He was handsome and clever, but had no stability of character and was easily influenced by evil counsellors. Ahriman therefore chose him as the tool for his plans for world domination.
When Zahhāk was a young man, Ahriman first appeared to him as a glib, flattering companion, and by degrees convinced him that he ought to kill his own father and take over his territories. He taught him to dig a deep pit covered over with leaves in a place where Merdās was accustomed to walk; Merdās fell in and was killed. Zahhāk thus became both patricide and king at the same time.
Ahriman now took another guise, and presented himself to Zahhāk as a marvellous cook. After he had presented Zahhāk with many days of sumptuous feasts, Zahhāk was willing to give Ahriman whatever he wanted. Ahriman merely asked to kiss Zahhāk on his two shoulders. Zahhāk permitted this; but when Ahriman had touched his lips to Zahhāk's shoulders, he immediately vanished. At once, two black snakes grew out of Zahhāk's shoulders. They could not be surgically removed, for as soon as one snake-head had been cut off, another took its place.
Ahriman now appeared to Zahhāk in the form of a skilled physician. He counselled Zahhāk that the only remedy was to let the snakes remain on his shoulders, and sate their hunger by supplying them with human brains for food every day otherwise the snakes will feed on his own.
From a psychological point of view the snakes on Zahhak's shoulders could represent his lust for killing or a form of sadism which if left unsatisfied torment Zahhak. Also when Zahhak is defeated by Fereydun, he cannot think of a better fitting punishment than to simply bound him in cave where the snakes (not being fed) will eat Zahhak's own brain symbolizing his inner agony and unsatisfied homicidal lust.
This story is Ferdowsi's way of reconciling the descriptions of Dahāg as a three-headed dragon monster and those stories which treat him as a human king. According to Ferdowsi, Zahhāk is originally human, but through the magic of Ahriman he becomes a monster; he does, in fact, have three heads, the two snake heads and one human head; and the snakes remind us of his original character as a dragon.
The characterization of Zahhāk as an Arab in part reflects the earlier association of Dahāg with the Semitic peoples of Iraq, but probably also reflects the continued resentment of many Iranians at the 7th century Arab conquest of Persia.
Unlike the figure of Zahhak in Iranian Mythology, the word 'zahhak'='dahhak' in Arabic means to laugh and to smile.
Zahhāk the Emperor
About this time, Jamshid, who was then the ruler of the world, through his arrogance lost his divine right to rule. Zahhāk presented himself as a savior to those discontented Iranians who wanted a new ruler (reflecting the embracing of the Arab religion and culture by Persians after the Arab conquest of Persia and the subsequent oppression Persians faced). Collecting a great army, he marched against Jamshid, who fled when he saw that he could not resist Zahhāk. Zahhāk hunted Jamshid for many years, and at last caught him and subjected him to a miserable death -- he had Jamshid sawn in half. Zahhāk now became the ruler of the entire world. Among his slaves were two of Jamshid's daughters, Arnavāz and Shahrnavāz (the Avestan Arənavāci and Savaŋhavāci).
Zahhāk's two snake heads still craved human brains for food, so every day Zahhāk's spies would seize two men, and execute them so their brains could feed the snakes. Two men, called Armayel and Garmayel, wanted to find a way to rescue people from being killed for the snakes. So they learned cookery and after mastering how to cook great meals, they went to Zahhāk's palace and managed to become the chefs of the palace. Everyday they saved one of the two men and put the brain of a sheep instead of his into the food, but they could not save the lives of both men. Those who were saved were told to flee to the mountains and to faraway plains; these rescued individuals eventually became the ancestors of the Kurds.
Zahhāk's tyranny over the world lasted for centuries. But one day Zahhāk had a terrible dream – he thought that three warriors were attacking him, and that the youngest knocked him down with his mace, tied him up, and dragged him off toward a tall mountain. When Zahhāk woke he was in a panic. Following the counsel of Arnavāz, he summoned wise men and dream-readers to explain his dream. They were reluctant to say anything, but one finally said that it was a vision of the end of Zahhāk's reign, that rebels would arise and dispossess Zahhāk of his throne. He even named the man who would take Zahhāk's place: Fereydun.
Zahhāk now became obsessed with finding this "Fereydun" and destroying him, though he did not know where he lived or who his family was. His spies went everywhere looking for Fereydun, and finally heard that he was but a boy, being nourished on the milk of the marvelous cow Barmāyeh. The spies traced Barmāyeh to the highland meadows where it grazed, but Fereydun had already fled before them. They killed the cow, but had to return to Zahhāk with their mission unfulfilled.
The Revolution against Zahhāk
Zahhāk now tried to consolidate his rule by coercing an assembly of the leading men of the kingdom into signing a document testifying to Zahhāk's righteousness, so that no one could have any excuse for rebellion. One man spoke out against this charade, a blacksmith named Kāva (Kaveh). Before the whole assembly, Kāva told how Zahhāk's minions had murdered seventeen of his eighteen sons so that Zahhāk might feed his snakes' lust for human brains – the last son had been imprisoned, but still lived.
In front of the assembly Zahhāk had to pretend to be merciful, and so released Kāva's son. But when he tried to get Kāva to sign the document attesting to Zahhāk's justice, Kāva tore up the document, left the court, and raised his blacksmith's apron as a standard of rebellion – the Kāviyāni Banner, derafsh-e Kāviyānī (درفش کاویانی). He proclaimed himself in support of Fereydun as ruler.
Soon many people followed Kāva to the Alborz mountains, where Fereydun was now living. He was now a young man and agreed to lead the people against Zahhāk. He had a mace made for him with a head like that of an ox, and with his brothers and followers, went forth to fight against Zahhāk. Zahhāk had already left his capital, and it fell to Fereydun with small resistance. Fereydun freed all of Zahhāk's prisoners, including Arnavāz and Shahrnavāz.
Kondrow, Zahhāk's treasurer, pretended to submit to Fereydun, but when he had a chance he escaped to Zahhāk and told him what had happened. Zahhāk at first dismissed the matter, but when he heard that Fereydun had seated Jamshid's daughters on thrones beside him like his queens, he was incensed and immediately hastened back to his city to attack Fereydun.
When he got there, Zahhāk found his capital held strongly against him, and his army was in peril from the defense of the city. Seeing that he could not reduce the city, he sneaked into his own palace as a spy, and attempted to assassinate Arnavāz and Shahrnavāz. Fereydun struck Zahhāk down with his ox-headed mace, but did not kill him; on the advice of an angel, he bound Zahhāk and imprisoned him in a cave underneath Mount Damāvand, binding him with a lion's pelt tied to great nails fixed into the walls of the cavern, where he will remain until the end of the world. Thus, after a thousand years' tyranny, ended the reign of Zahhāk.
詞源和派生詞
Aži,主格形式為:ažiš,在阿維斯陀經語中的意義是“巨蛇”或者說“龍”。它和吠陀梵語中的單詞ahi是同源,這裏沒有邪惡的含義。這個單詞和希臘語中的“古蛇”(ophis)和拉丁文的“anguis”有相似的意思,都是“蛇”的意思。梵文中Daarvika的意思是“鏟”,而這裏所說的“蛇”或者“龍”的頭都是鏟狀的。
dahāka的含義來源於波斯語“zodak”,意思是“半蛇國王”。另外還有其他的意思,比如“刺痛”(來源不明),還有“燃燒”(梵文dahana)、“人類的,類人的”(和闐語daha)、“巨大;外來的”(斯基台語Dahae和吠陀梵語dasas)。
Aži Dahāka來源於現代波斯語“azhdahā或ezhdehā”(中世紀波斯語azdahāg)意思是“龍”。
波斯當地神話傳說中的達哈卡
在後世的索羅亞斯德教經文之一、《登卡德》中,它是阿拉伯神話和猶太教中邪惡化身的來源,象徵所有的罪孽和邪惡思想。這個名字Dahāg (Dahāka)是“十惡不赦”(dah)的雙關。他的母親是Wadag (或稱 Ōdag)是一個大惡人,罪名是與她的兒子亂倫。
在阿維斯陀經中,它居住在Baβri大陸上Kuuirinta附近的一個與世隔絶的城堡中,它崇拜阿邦,江河女神,以及拉姆,正氣之神。由於Baβri和古波斯的首都巴比倫有相似之處,於是後索羅亞斯德教經文認為它居住在美索不達米亞,不過這一說法疑點多多。它曾經要求善良之神麾下的聖靈們運用他們的權利減少世界上的人口,不過他們果斷地拒絶了。
在阿維斯陀經中,它還有個哥哥,叫做Spitiyura。他們曾經擊敗波斯神話中的英雄詹姆希德,用爪子將他撕成兩半,不過他們隨後就被司火的大天使Atar打敗。(銀月:這裏和後面的故事有所衝突)
解釋:
阿邦
波斯文作Aban或Anahid或Nahid,阿維斯塔文作Anahita,古波斯文作Anahita,吠陀梵文作Apas。江河女神,其固定修 飾語為“純潔而強大的”(Aredvi-Sura),前瑣羅亞斯德時期伊朗雅利安人奉祀的重要神祗,司生育、豐産等。每月第十日和每年八月的庇護神。
拉姆
波斯文作Ram,阿維斯塔文作Rama-Raman或Vayu。正氣之神,梅赫爾之佐神。每月第二十一日的庇護神。
現在,在伊朗周邊地區(波斯)的人們信仰的是一種叫做瑣羅亞斯德教的宗教,這種宗教將火視為神聖之物來崇拜,所以也稱為“拜火教”。其世界觀以鮮明的善惡二元論為中心構成,認為世界分為善惡兩個勢力陣營,代表善的一方是光明神Ahrua Mazda,代表惡的一方則由Ahriman率領,他們之間不停的戰爭是宿命使然。
Ahriman的手下擁有艾卡•米納夫(惡思)、阿斯莫德(凶暴。基督教惡魔阿斯莫德烏斯的原型)等衆多惡魔,與光明神Ahrua及麾下的聖靈們對抗。在其中被認為是“最強大的邪惡者”,惡名最高的是殺光了Ahrua所有造物的,由安利曼尤生下來的強大無比的龍達哈卡。它是一隻長有“三口、三頭、六目”的邪龍,擅用上千種法術。
達哈卡擁有與最神聖、最強大的精靈Atar(司火的大天使)同一級別、甚至比之更強的力量,在天界的戰鬥中,即使它的頭、頸、心臟遭到亂棒毒打它也不會死去,從它身上被劍劈開的傷口會噴湧出蛇、蜥蜴和蝎子等有害有毒的生物。疾病、毒害、痛苦是安利曼尤的特性,而身體中彙集了攜帶着這些疾病、毒害和痛苦的害蟲的達哈卡正是黑暗之神的力量的結晶。
《列王紀》中的蛇王扎哈卡
菲爾多西撰寫的《列王紀》中,也有關於它的化身——邪惡的蛇王扎哈卡的傳說故事。
年輕的扎哈卡
扎哈卡是阿拉伯地區的統治者Merdās的兒子。因為他的阿拉伯血統,他已經是一人之下萬人之上。他相貌英俊,絶頂聰明,不過他的情緒非常不穩定,很容易受到邪惡思想的侵蝕。安利曼尤決定選擇他作為自己統治世界的工具。
當扎哈卡還年輕的時候,安利曼尤出現在他的身邊。他能說會道,很快就取得了扎哈卡的信任。安利曼尤教唆熟悉父王生活習慣的他,在父親會經過的路上挖了一個深坑,還撒了一些樹葉當做僞裝。他父親毫不知情,掉下了深坑,隨後被扎哈卡殺死。扎哈卡於是迅速發起政變,弒父奪權。
安利曼尤很快搖身一變,變為一位廚藝高超的廚師出現在扎哈卡面前,為扎哈卡准備了長達數日的大宴。慶祝過後,扎哈卡為了感謝廚師,答應他可以給予他任何他所需要的東西。安利曼尤告訴扎哈卡,他想索取的報酬僅僅是親吻扎哈卡的雙肩。扎哈卡沒有看到其中的陰謀,答應了廚師。不過,當安利曼尤的嘴唇觸碰到了扎哈卡的雙肩時,安利曼尤忽然消失在空氣中。與此同時,扎哈卡的被親吻到的肩膀上長出了兩條黑色的蛇。最開始,扎哈卡感到無比的恐懼,他數次試着砍下肩膀上的蛇,但是砍完之後肩膀上馬上會長出新的蛇。這時,一位醫術高超的醫師來到扎哈卡的面前,告訴扎哈卡他能夠醫治扎哈卡的肩膀。當然,這位醫師也是安利曼尤僞裝的。安利曼尤告訴扎哈卡,只有將人腦開顱,取出其中的人腦,每天喂給兩條黑蛇兩隻人腦,蛇才不會因饑餓將扎哈卡自己的腦子視作它們的盤中餐。
從心理學意義上來說,扎哈卡雙肩上的黑蛇正是他對殺戮這種喪心病狂的慾望的體現,同時也是他感到自己這種慾望永遠得不到滿足而受到被內心僅存的良知所折磨的象徵。就算他被法利東(Fereydun)打敗,他那早已封閉掉的內心裏永遠都不會理解,沒有什麼贖罪方式是比他自己的腦子被蛇所吞噬更合適他自己的。而他害怕自己的腦子被蛇吃掉,這正是他內心極度痛苦和殺戮慾望得不到滿足的真實寫照。
在菲爾多西看來,扎哈卡雖然喪心病狂,但是它原本是一個人類。而當他後來中了安利曼尤的魔法,從他雙肩長出兩條蛇的時候,他就不再是人類,而是一隻擁有一個人頭兩個蛇頭,即三個頭、三張嘴、六隻眼的怪物。而這不正是神話中達哈卡的化身麼。關於蛇王扎哈卡的描述中可以看出,伊朗的閃米特人最早還認為他是一位好君主,(事實證明他們受騙了)或許這些傳說正是一些伊朗人對阿拉伯人入侵波斯地區這一行為的抗議,因為他們對自己的家園被外人入侵感到極度的憤怒。扎哈卡zahhak和達哈卡dahhak在波斯語中的意思是相同的,即“笑、微笑”。
君主扎哈卡
與此同時(指扎哈卡的雙肩長出黑蛇的時候),當時的君主詹姆希德正在失去人心。扎哈卡看出了這一點,他以一個“救世主”的身份出現在衆人面前,將衆人從詹姆希德的統治中“解救”出來。(這表示伊朗被入侵之後的種種跡象表明,在某種程度上來說,波斯和阿拉伯的一些文化和信仰甚至可以相互包容)
扎哈卡集結軍隊,向詹姆希德宣戰,而詹姆希德一看他的對手是扎哈卡,立馬丟盔棄甲地逃走了。扎哈卡追蹤了詹姆希德許多年,最終抓到他的時候,扎哈卡殘忍地將他撕成兩半,曾經不可一世的伊朗英雄詹姆希德就這樣痛苦地死去了。最終扎哈卡統治了世界,他娶了詹姆希德的兩個美麗的女兒為妻(Arnavāz和Shahrnavāz姐妹),讓她們照顧黑蛇。
扎哈卡的兩個蛇頭每天都要吃掉兩個人的腦子。久而久之,老百姓陷入到前所未有的恐慌之中,因為他們不知道厄運什麼時候降臨到自己的頭上。有兩個人叫Armayel和Garmayel,一直在尋求一個方法,讓大家不再被這種陰影所籠罩。於是他們開始學習如何烹飪腦子,並自告奮勇地跑到扎哈卡的宮殿要求當扎哈卡的廚師。每天他們用羊腦代替人腦來充當黑蛇的食物,不過他們就算替代了人腦,也無法阻止那些人被開顱的命運。(銀月:他們有點天然獃)
扎哈卡的暴政席捲世界,人們都苦不堪言。有一天扎哈卡做了個噩夢,他夢見有三位勇士來襲擊他,其中最小的那位用錘矛將他擊落在地,並把他捆綁住,囚禁在山頂的洞窟裡。他驚恐地從噩夢中醒來,感到十分的不安。他召喚來Arnavāz,聽從了他的建議,叫來讀夢師解讀他的夢。讀夢師很不情願地為他解讀,夢中所顯示的正是他統治的終結,叛亂者會奮起,他們會將扎哈卡逐下王位。他還告訴扎哈卡那個將他擊倒的男人的名字:法利東Fereydun。
心神不寧的扎哈卡感到非常害怕,他命令手下不惜一切代價去尋找這個叫法利東的男人並將他殺掉,不過扎哈卡根本就不知道法利東現在身處何處。他的間諜們跑遍了全世界,最後在一片草原高地上發現了他的蹤跡。不過他們發現,現在的法利東,還僅僅是個小男孩,通過汲取一頭名叫Barmāyeh母牛的奶為生。殺手們追蹤Barmāyeh來到放牧Barmāyeh的草原,不過卻撲了個空,法利東早就聽到風聲逃走了。他們氣憤地將Barmāyeh殺死,想要繼續追蹤法利東,卻不得不回去向扎哈卡報告他們的行動失敗了。
扎哈卡暴政的推翻
扎哈卡立刻將各地的領袖聚集在一起,要他們簽訂一項協議,要他們承認扎哈卡的政權是正當且有效的。(還有一種說法是扎哈卡要他們承認召集的由惡魔組成的軍隊的正當的皇家部隊)扎哈卡想靠這個協議來鞏固他自己的統治力量,撲滅叛亂的苗頭。這時,一個勇敢的鐵匠站了出來,大聲指責這個故弄玄虛的協議。在所有軍隊領袖的面前,鐵匠Kaveh氣勢洶洶地辱駡殘暴的君王,指責扎哈卡將他的18個兒子當中的17個都喂了蛇,最後一個兒子雖然還活着,不過已經被扎哈卡囚禁起來了。
扎哈卡被他的氣勢所壓倒,不得不裝作仁慈的樣子,釋放了鐵匠的兒子。不過作為條件,扎哈卡要求他們承認他的聲明書。Kaveh撕碎了聲明書,離開了這個是非之地。他用竹竿挑起自己身上的圍裙為義旗,揭桿而起,和他的小兒子一起,招募義軍想要推翻扎哈卡的統治。據說現在伊朗的國旗便是由鐵匠的圍裙演變而來的。
義軍的規模迅速膨脹起來,很多人都跟隨着Kaveh去Alborz山脈尋找救世主法利東。那時,他已經是個青年了,聽到鐵匠的請求毅然決然地答應做義軍的領袖。他手拿一把刻有牛頭模樣的錘矛(象徵著他的乳母:Barmāyeh)集結他的兄弟和追隨者們,勇往直前,直搗扎哈卡的首都。扎哈卡的惡魔軍隊僅僅做了很有限的抵抗,很快全部被殲滅。他們的攻擊非常順利,因為此時扎哈卡和他的軍隊外出作戰並不在首都。法利東釋放了所有囚徒,其中就有Arnavāz和Shahrnavāz兩姐妹。
扎哈卡的軍師Kondrow假裝向法利東投降,不過很快就找了個機會逃走,去找扎哈卡告訴首都中發生的事情。最開始扎哈卡不敢相信這一事實,不過當他聽說法利東即將坐上王位,並娶詹姆希德的兩個女兒做王后的時候,他被激怒了,迅速趕迴首都,向法利東宣戰。當他回到首都的時候,團結在英雄周圍的人們英勇無比,他的軍隊在這樣猛烈的襲擊下很快就崩潰掉了。他絶望的發現他已經沒有力量來奪回他的城市,他決定偷偷溜回他的宮殿一探究竟。當他看到法利東和他身邊的兩姐妹的時候,這位暴君心生嫉妒而忘乎所以,飛身過來打算殺掉兩姐妹。但是像風一樣閃現在它前面的法利東用刻有牛頭的錘矛重重地在暴君的頭上來了一下,將扎哈卡擊倒在地。當法利東准備給他擊斃的時候,一位天使出現在法利東的面前,告訴他扎哈卡的死期還沒有到,此時不能將他殺死。於是法利東將暴君用獅子皮綁住,囚禁在Damāvand山,並用好幾重鐵鎖將他鎖在了鐵樁子上。屆時,扎哈卡將在這個洞窟中度過余生,直到世界末日的到來。就這樣,扎哈卡延續千年的暴政終於結束了。
此貼用作最終整理稿用途
啊啊啊啊 為什麼標題的長度被設置的那麼短啊…… 才70位元組
Adi Dahāka、Aži Dahāka、Ahi Dahāka、Zahhāk、Zohhāk,阿迪·達哈卡,阿智·達哈卡,扎哈卡
波斯文:ضحّاک
飯照吃,覺照睡,繼續看大片。倒是那些大型視頻網站們倒了大霉,壟斷的犧牲品
不過最近SBTB(State Broadcast & TV Bureau)因為他的視頻監控系統越來越沒有生意,所以已經開始動手封殺全球各大視頻網站和電驢、BT等,以使草民無法觀看和傳播網絡視頻而繼續使用SBTB視頻監控系統。而且SBTB尤其禁止傳播國外影片,我們該怎麼做呢?
我最近為了寫文章,特意去找了何新的書來看。老何在古文字方面的考證功力是不錯的,雖然還是有些不敢恭維的地方,但在國內研究龍的人當中也算很踏實很客觀的了。
詞條更新:Sirrush
我想把這些整理到百科中去,需要更詳細的信息,瓦君能說說那些資料在哪能找到麼?
有關龍鰐說,我看的是王大有的書,我會抽空把龍鰐說的觀點整理上來
最后修改: shiningdracon (2009-05-10 18:59:38)
根據考古學研究和古文字演化的考證,虺是指蜥蜴,不是蛇。
蛟也不是泛指所有鱷魚,而是灣鰐較早的古名(揚子鰐古時候叫鼉,不叫蛟)。
所以“虺五百年化為蛟,蛟千年化為龍。”這句話翻譯為現代漢語的意思是:“蜥蜴長了五百年就成了灣鰐,灣鰐長到上千年就成了龍。”
最后修改: Hatikva (2009-05-09 20:56:30)
稱號 發帖數
龍元 0
虺龍 10
虯龍 100
蛟龍 250
角龍 450
應龍 700
蒼龍 1000
龍 螭 虯 蛟 蟠 虺 夔
虺:是一種早期的龍,以爬蟲類——蛇作模特兒想象出來的,常在水中。“虺五百年化為蛟,蛟千年化為龍。”是龍的幼年期,曾出現在西周末期的青銅器裝飾上,但不多。
虯:一般把沒有生出角的小龍稱為虯龍,是成長中的龍。故古文獻中注釋:“有角曰虯,無角曰龍。”另一種則說幼龍生出角後才稱虯。兩種說法雖有出入。但都把成長中的龍稱為虯。還有的把盤曲的龍稱為虯龍,唐代詩人杜牧在《題青雲說》詩中就有“虯蟠千仞劇羊腸” 之句。
蟠螭是龍屬的蛇狀神怪之物,是一種沒有角的早期龍,《廣雅》集裡就有“無角曰螭龍”的記述。對蟠螭也有兩種說法,一種是指黃色的無角龍,另一種是指雌性的龍,在《漢書·司馬相如傳》中就有“赤螭,雌龍也”的注釋,故在出土的戰國玉佩上有龍螭合體的形狀作裝飾,意為雌雄交尾。春秋至秦漢之際,青銅器、玉雕、銅鏡或建築上,常用蟠螭的形狀作裝飾,其形式有單螭、雙螭、三螭、五螭乃至群螭多種。或作銜牌狀,或作穿環狀,或作卷書狀。此外,還有博古螭、環身螭等各種變化。
蛟:一般泛指能發洪水的有鱗的龍。相傳蛟龍得水即能興雲作霧,騰踔太空。在古文中常用來比喻有才能的人獲得施展的機會。關於蛟的來歷和形狀,古典文獻中說法不一,有的說“龍無角曰蛟”,有的說“有鱗曰蛟龍”。而《墨客揮犀》卷三則說得更為具體:蛟之狀如蛇,其首如虎,長者至數丈,多居於溪潭石穴下,聲如牛鳴。倘蛟看見岸邊或溪谷之行人,即以口中之腥涎繞之,使人墜水,即於腋下吮其血,直至血盡方止。岸人和舟人常遭其患。南朝宋劉義慶《世說新語》中有周處入水三天三夜斬蛟而回的故事。蛟可能是鱷魚。
角龍:指有角的龍。據《述異記》記述:“蛟千年化為龍,龍五百年為角龍”,角龍便是龍中之老者了。
應龍:有翼的龍稱為應龍。據《述異記》中記述:“龍五百年為角龍,千年為應龍”,應龍稱得上是龍中之精了,故長出了翼。相傳應龍是上古時期黃帝的神龍,它曾奉黃帝之令討伐過蚩尤,並殺了蚩尤而成為功臣。在禹治洪水時,神龍曾以尾掃地,疏導洪水而立功,此神龍又名為黃龍,黃龍即是應龍,因此應龍又是禹的功臣。應龍的特徵是生雙翅,鱗身脊棘,頭大而長,吻尖,鼻、目、耳皆小,眼眶大,眉弓高,牙齒利,前額突起,頸細腹大,尾尖長,四肢強壯,宛如一隻生翅的揚子鰐。在戰國的玉雕,漢代的石刻、帛畫和漆器上,常出現應龍的形象。
火龍:是以火懾勢的龍。全身有紫火纏繞,凡有火龍經過之處,則一切物體均被燒焦。
蟠龍:指蟄伏在地而未升天之龍,龍的形狀作盤曲環繞。在我國古代建築中,一般把盤繞在柱上的龍和裝飾莊梁上、天花板上的龍均習慣地稱為蟠龍。在《太平御覽》中,對蟠龍又有另一番解釋:“蟠龍,身長四丈,青黑色,赤帶如錦文,常隨水而下,入於海。有毒,傷人即死。”把蟠龍和蛟、蛇之類混在一起了。
青龍:為“四靈”或“四神”之一,又稱為蒼龍。我國古代的天文學家將天上的若幹星星分為二十八個星區,即二十八宿,用以觀察月亮的運行和劃分季節,並把二十八宿分為四組,每組七宿,分別以東、南、西、北四個方位,青、紅、白、黑四種顔色以及龍、鳥、虎、玄武(龜蛇相交)四種動物相配,稱為“四象”或“四宮 ”。龍表示東方,青色,囚此稱為“東宮青龍”。到了秦漢,這“四象”又變為“四靈”或“四神”(龍、鳳、龜、麟)了,神秘的色彩也愈來愈濃。現存於南陽漢畫館的漢代《東宮蒼龍星座》畫像石,是由一條龍和十八顆星以及刻有玉免和蟾蜍的月亮組成的,這條龍就是整個蒼龍星座的標誌。漢代的畫像磚、石和瓦當中,便有大量的“四靈”形象。
魚化龍:是一種龍頭魚身的龍,亦是一種“龍魚互變”的形式,這種形式我國古代早已有之。《說苑》中就有“昔日白龍下清冷之淵化為魚”的記載,《長安謡》說的“東海大魚化為龍”和民間流傳的鯉魚跳過龍門,均講述了龍魚互變的關係。這種造型早在商代晚期便在玉雕中出現,並在歷代得到發展。
有很多非常Draconity的動畫都是德國的小組做的
唯一流傳下來的象形字,至今仍在使用的古代語。有時候我在想,游戲中的古文字、符文,也不用編造了,直接寫篆字、甲骨文上去
可惜這兩個文明後來都沒落了,歐洲文明強盛了。相比之下中國文明還算幸運,雖然強盛不起來,但也沒有沒落。
這兩個國家都出哲學家,所以有這種現象很好理解。
今天Rei推薦了《珍妮與龍》
珍妮是一箇中世紀中等家庭的妙齡少女,不過她對自己的未來卻有着更大的願景!成爲一名騎士是她唯一的心願。她和一條300歲的火龍成爲了最要好的朋友。
說不定哪天我們有能力來製作字幕
英文版在線觀看:(此連接已失效)http://www.qubo.com/jane_show.asp
最后修改: shiningdracon (2012-05-23 14:17:29)
我發現德國和俄國經常有這樣的龍魂作品出現,難道因為那邊的游戲、動畫製作者很多都是我們的同類麼?
提到文明的搖籃,我又想到埃及、印度這些地方,都是古國阿
最近總有些來歷不明的ID,以資料推斷是廣告機器人,予以清除處理。萬一(雖然這應該很少發生)發生誤刪,請及時留言聯繫我,發信息也行,在留言版說也行。
終於恢復通暢了 :D
接下來網站將會有較大的功能更新
Hai Riyo / Tobi Tatsu / Schachi Hoko / Hai Riu / Tobi Tatsu / Sachi Hoko 都是同一個……冰牙已經把Hai Riyo翻譯過了(銀月也翻譯了一遍), 但Tobi Tatsu 和Schachi Hoko 還留在列表中。
Uwibami冰牙也翻譯過了……(這個翻來覆去就那麼兩個短句……真是簡介)
Tobi Tatsu 和Schachi Hoko已修正。
正如你所說,Uwibami的介紹太短了。“可以吞掉馬背上的人”,還有“被Yegara-no-Heida殺死”,這些簡介的背後有一個傳說故事,我希望能把完整的版本找出來。
這篇文章看起來像是用軟件翻譯的,寫進百科之前應該再作一些文字上的整理,使語句更通順。
最后修改: Hatikva (2009-04-30 20:25:50)
成都出租車5元起步,但公交車就和上海一個價,而且運營時間還特別短。
廣州我也想去看看,可惜二十年內都不太可能有機會。我最想去旅遊的三個國家是希臘(歐洲文明的搖籃)、以色列(西方宗教的搖籃)和澳大利亞(野生動物的天堂),當然實現這個夢想的希望就更渺茫了。
Hai Riyo / Tobi Tatsu / Schachi Hoko / Hai Riu / Tobi Tatsu / Sachi Hoko 都是同一個……冰牙已經把Hai Riyo翻譯過了(銀月也翻譯了一遍), 但Tobi Tatsu 和Schachi Hoko 還留在列表中。
Uwibami冰牙也翻譯過了……(這個翻來覆去就那麼兩個短句……真是簡介)